Plant Kingdom Classification 

For NEET preparation, understanding the Plant Kingdom is essential as it's a frequently tested topic in the biology (Botany) section. Here’s a focused NEET-oriented summary based on NCERT Class 11 Chapter 3 – Plant Kingdom, with key points, classification. 

Plant Kingdom – NEET Notes 

Classification of the Plant Kingdom: 

• Algae 
• Bryophytes 
• Pteridophytes 
• Gymnosperms 
• Angiosperms 

1. Algae (Thallophyte) 

"Algae are green, simple, non-vascular plants. They are mostly aquatic, and only a few algae are found in moist terrestrial habitats." 

• Habitat: Mostly aquatic (freshwater and marine) 
• Body: Thalloid, no true roots, stems, or leaves 
• Reproduction: Vegetative (fragmentation), Asexual (zoospores), and Sexual (isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy) 
• Major Classes: 
• Chlorophyceae (Green algae – e.g., Chlamydomonas, Volvox) 
• Phaeophyceae (Brown algae – e.g., Fucus, Laminaria) 
• Rhodophyceae (Red algae – e.g., Polysiphonia) 

2. Bryophytes (Amphibians of the plant kingdom) 

Known as "Amphibians of the Plant Kingdom" as they need water for fertilization.

• Body: Thallus-like or leafy, no vascular tissues 
• Reproduction: Alternation of generations (gametophyte dominant) 
• Divisions: Liverworts (e.g., Marchantia), Mosses (e.g., Funaria) 

3. Pteridophytes

"Pteridophytes are seedless, non-flowering vascular plants. They have conducting tissues (xylem and phloem). In xylem, true vessels are absent. In phloem, companion cells and sieve tubes are absent; instead, sieve cells are present." 

• First vascular plants with true roots, stems, and leaves 
• Reproduction: Sporophyte dominant; spores; no seeds 
• Examples: Fern, Lycopodium, Equisetum, Selaginella 

4. Gymnosperms

"Gymnosperms are those plants in which the seeds are not enclosed within any ovary wall and thus remain exposed. After fertilization, the developed seeds are not covered and are termed 'naked seeds'. 

• Naked seeds, not enclosed in fruit 
• Vascular tissues present; usually woody trees 
• Examples: Cycas, Pinus, Gnetum

5. Angiosperms 

Most advanced and diverse group of plants.

• Seeds enclosed within fruits; most advanced group 
• Flowers present 
• Two classes: Dicotyledons (e.g., Mango, Pea), Monocotyledons (e.g., Rice, Maize) 

Key NEET Tips: 

• Focus on life cycles: alternation of generations (gametophyte vs sporophyte) 
• Know examples and distinctive features of each group 
• Learn differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms 
• NCERT line-by-line reading is crucial 
• Practice diagrams: Marchantia, Fern, Pinus, Angiosperm flower

1. The Living World

2. Biological Classification

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